The Origin of Robots Essays -- Asimov I Robot Essays

The Origin of Robots Over the years mankind has advanced greatly in the field of technology and day by day we continue to advance. The future holds many possibilities, one of which is living in a world with robots. Isaac Asimov shared his view of this possible future in his novel I, Robot. His view portrays robots as machines superior to humans mentally and physically. If robots are superior to humans, how do humans control the robots? Humans create the three Laws of Robotics, which are instilled into the positronic brains of every robot created. These laws state that no robot can harm or allow harm to come to a human, they must obey humans (unless it conflicts with the first law), and no robot can harm itself (unless it conflicts with the first two laws). In Isaac Asimov's novel I, Robot, Asimov uses independent short stories as told by robo-psychologist Dr. Susan Calvin, to show the evolution of robots and how they relate to the Laws of Robotics. Robbie is the first robot portrayed in Asimov's novel. This robot doesn't talk and is used as a nursemaid. Robots at this time are socially unacceptable which is important to acknowledge when considering their evolution. The story of Robbie mostly introduces robots, but it also touches on the first rule of robotics. Gloria, the little girl Robbie took care of, was almost killed and Robbie saved her instantly because of the first Law of Robotics and the humans involved delayed their reaction. This is also an example of how robots were superior to humans. Unlike "Robbie," the next story, "Runaround," goes into more detail of the Laws of Robotics. "Runaround," shows a robot's conflict with the second and third laws. Speedy, the robot with the conflict, is casually ordered to do ... ...ship. The machines exist because of humans and humans cannot exist without the machines. In Isaac Asimov's novel, I, Robot, robots have come a long way starting with the inaudible Robbie all the way to the machines that control the world. The irony of the society is that in the first story robots were not socially acceptable but in the final story, society depends on robots for survival. Not only have the robots and the Laws evolved in Asimov's novel, but his society has as well. Asimov shows this evolution with his use of short stories. Separately, each of the stories are just tales about particular robots and how they relate to the Laws of Robotics. When these stories are merged into one novel, they create an entirely new theme that cannot be shown when separated. Works Cited Asimov, Isaac. I, Robot. Greenwich, Connecticut: Fawcett Publications, Inc. 1950

Are human naturally violent? Essay

We are surrounded by violence. Kids take it in with their first mouthful of cereals. They will see eighteen thousand (18,000) violent deaths on television by the time they graduate from high school. They will watch physical brutality in prime-time sports and learn that â€Å"bullets and bombs† make gridiron heroes. They will hear our respected political leaders tell us why we need to start a new war. They will be spanked by their parents and learn that violence and love go hand-in-hand. If it is not biologically innate, then violence must be something people teach (Kaufman, 2002). Violence is basically an act of aggression. There are many definitions of violence, one of which is that violence is the use of strength – overt or hidden – with the objective of obtaining from an individual or a group something they do not want to consent to freely (Bandura, 1961). Further, it must be noted that there are different kinds of violence. One must distinguish between direct and indirect or structural violence: Direct violence equates to physical violence while indirect or structural violence involves poverty, exploitation, social injustice, no democracy, and the like. In a situation of violence, the parties involved in the conflict see their economic and social rights being violated as well as their civil and political rights. The short-term and long-term consequences of a violent conflict in terms of human rights violations are devastating and leave deep scars in societies. (Baumesiter, et al. 2004). Many of ideas about society and how it should be organized are based on the idea that men are born with aggressive instincts; human nature is violent and that war is inevitable. Much of our political, social, religious and scientific thinking starts with the premise that human beings are born-killers. So much a part of our consciousness has this idea that we rarely question it. In essence it has become a truth—conventional wisdom that carries with it no requirement to examine the facts with a critical eye (Baumesiter, et al. 2004). The opposing side of the debate asserts that aggressive tendencies are innate. Freud (e. g. , 1930) is one of the most famous proponents of this view, and he contended that the aggressive drive or â€Å"Todestrieb† is one of the two main foundations of all human motivation. In his view, the drive to aggress is deeply rooted in the psyche and hence independent of circumstances. As a result, people have an innate and recurring need to inflict harm or damage, and this desire needs to be satisfied periodically, one way or another. He regarded self-control (as embodied in his concept of superego) as a form of aggression, insofar as one deprives oneself of other satisfactions by restraining oneself. To Freud, this was an effective but costly way to satisfy the aggressive drive, which otherwise would manifest itself by harming or killing others or smashing property. There are several problems with Freud’s theory of innate aggression. First, of course, it does not disconfirm the importance of learning just as the findings about learned aggression do not disconfirm the hypothesis of innate tendencies. Second, there is no evidence that aggression is a need, in the sense that people who fail to act aggressively will routinely suffer impairments of health or well-being. In that sense, it is possible to accept the view of aggression as having some innate basis without agreeing that the need to aggress arises independently of circumstances. Many people are convinced that human beings are naturally violent and that consequently we cannot avoid wars, conflicts and general violence in our lives and our societies. Other specialists in this field claim that we can avoid thinking, feeling and acting violently. The Seville Statement on Violence elaborated in 1986 by a group of scholars and scientists from many countries, North and South, East and West, confirms this by stating that: â€Å"scientifically incorrect when people say that war cannot be ended because it is part of human nature. Arguments about human nature cannot prove anything because our human culture gives us the ability to shape and change our nature from one generation to another. It is true that the genes that are transmitted in egg and sperm from parents to children influence the way we act. But it is also true that we are influenced by the culture in which we grow up and that we can take responsibility for our own actions. † It further includes another proposition stating that â€Å"It is scientifically incorrect when people say that war is caused by ‘instinct’. Most scientists do not use the term ‘instinct’ anymore because none of our behavior is so determined that it cannot be changed by learning. Of course, we have emotions and motivations like fear, anger, sex, and hunger, but we are each responsible for the way we express them. In modern war, the decisions and actions of generals and soldiers are not usually emotional. Instead, they are doing their jobs the way they have been trained. When soldiers are trained for war and when people are trained to support a war, they are taught to hate and fear an enemy (UNESCO, 1986). † Hence, â€Å"it is scientifically incorrect to say that we have inherited a tendency to make war from our animal ancestors. Warfare is a solely human phenomenon and does not occur in other animals†¦. ;† second, â€Å"there are cultures that have not engaged in war for centuries and there are cultures which have engaged in war frequently at some times and not at others†¦. ;† third, â€Å"it is scientifically incorrect to say that war or any other violent behavior is genetically programmed into our human nature†¦. ;† and lastly, that â€Å" it is scientifically incorrect to say that humans have a â€Å"violent brain†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ how we act is shaped by how we have been conditioned and socialized†¦ (UNESCO, 1986). † Humans are condemned to violence not because of our biology or human nature. For if humans are naturally violent, we would expect to find the most extreme and frequent expressions of violence in the cultures that are least socialized, most â€Å"primitive†. As a matter of fact, the opposite is true — those cultures that are most â€Å"civilized† and have the most complex social systems are the most violent. Further, while it is true that natural processes include death as well as life, it is very rare that one can find a case of what we could call real violence in any species other than human excluding involuntary biological reactions such as the need to eat, and cases of mothers protecting their young from harm, and you will find little remains other than occasional alpha male fights in wolves and primates. Therefore if humans are violent, it has less to do with nature than with nurture. There is really no evidence that people have an innate need to be aggressive periodically, in the sense that the need is independent of context (Baumeister and Bushman, 2004). If, as Freud proposed, the aggressive instinct comes from within and demands to be satisfied in one way or another, then failing to satisfy this need should be harmful, in the way that failing to eat or breathe or form social bonds is harmful to the person. But there is no sign that people who fail to perform violent acts suffer adverse consequences. Aggression is not a need, contrary to Freud, because a person could live a happy, healthy life without ever performing violent acts – provided, perhaps, that the person always got what he or she wanted. Aggression may likewise not even be a want. But it may be a response tendency. When one’s desire are thwarted, and other people stand in the way of one’s goal satisfactions, aggressive impulses arise as one way of trying to remove the thwarting and get what you want. ( Baumesiter & Bushman 2004) There are many strategies for influencing people, and these vary widely in how acceptable and how effective they are. Aggression is one strategy that does sometimes succeed (e. g. , Tedeschi & Felson, 1994). Violent activity, or even the credible threat of violence, is one way to get other people to do what you want. Ultimately, people can use aggression to further their innate goals of survival and reproduction, along with a host of other goals such as maintaining a sense of superiority over others, getting money, and intimidating others who might interfere with your desires. (Giberson). Aggression may be a last or near-last resort for most. Culture allows people many pathways to get what they want from other people. In today’s United States, the most favored way of getting what you want from other people is to pay them money. Cooperation, reciprocation, persuasion, even simple charm are often effective, and the culture approves of them much more than it approves of aggression. Still, when those fail and the person is faced with the prospect of not being able to satisfy his or her desires, aggression may present itself as a way of influencing others and obtaining satisfaction. Aggression thus helps the organism satisfy its biological needs, by way of operating on others. (Giberson). Humans are not â€Å"hard-wired† like insects or hawks, where a given stimulus results in a fixed response. Unlike most animals, we have a large cerebral cortex that allows for reasoning, consideration, creativity and culture. The instinct-controlling part of our brain is relatively insignificant in comparison to the cortex, and can be superseded by will and thought. It is this â€Å"flexible response† capability that enabled humans to survive and rise above the rest of the animal kingdom. Many anthropologists feel it was our ability to cooperate, not our ability to fight or compete, that was our evolutionary survival trait. Because of our ability to reflect and consciously choose the values we instill in our children, as a species we can be whatever we want to be. It can almost be said that there is no such thing as human nature, that almost all our traits and tendencies are culturally defined. This is not as obvious as it should be, because most of us are only exposed to one culture—a culture where everyone pretty much thinks and acts the same—and it is easy to get the impression that the way we are is the only way we can be. It is not instinct that drives us to commit atrocities, but our culture. Culture is a human creation. Our culture was molded by men who crave power and the domination of others. ( Tedeschi, & Felson 1994). In conclusion, most humans are conditioned to react aggressively and violently by our environments. We learn to think, feel and act aggressively and in some cases violently. Wherever we live, we are submitted to a social and cultural pressure that conditions us to read about violence, watch violence, and hear about violence almost constantly. Television programmes, advertisements, newspapers, video games and the movie and music industries contribute largely to this situation. Before reaching adolescence, a child has seen thousands of murders and violent acts just by watching television. If human nature is indeed violent and war is inevitable, then we need large strong states with central governments. We need powerful rulers with mighty armies and brutal security forces. We need repressive laws to protect us from each other. We need guidance from our churches on how to keep our destructive instincts under control. Of course, when we are constantly told that we are born to be killers, we have an excuse to act like killers. Violence becomes part of our culture, so we act violently. The fallacy perpetrates itself, and the irony comes full circle: our belief in the inevitability of human aggression, sold to us by the ruling elites, creates a world that makes ruling elites necessary. A person’s behavior is largely determined by his social environment such as the influence of the media, weapon availability, human relations, poverty, and the like. Individuals share the responsibility for their actions with the social forces around them. If a person is not exposed to negative social forces, he will not be prone to evil behavior. He â€Å"naturally† has â€Å"good† desires and therefore â€Å"good† behavior. To eliminate bad or evil behavior, one must focus on changing the social forces rather than on an individual’s actions. References Bandura, A. , Ross, R. , & Ross, S. (1961). Transmission of aggression through imitation of aggressive models. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 63, 575-582. Baumesiter, R. F.and Bushman, B. J. (2004) Human Nature and Aggressive Motivation: Why do Cultural Animals turn violent? RIPS / IRSP, 17 (2), 205-220, Presses Universitaires de Grenoble Baumeister, R. F. (1997). Evil: Inside human violence and cruelty. New York: W. H. Freeman. de Waal, F. B. M. (2001). The Ape and the Sushi Master. New York: Basic Books. Eisler, Riane. (1988). The Chalice and the Blade: Our History, Our Future. New York: Harper Collins. Giberson, K. Blessed Are the Peacemakers. Science and Spirit. Retrieved Nov. 10, 2006 http://www. science-spirit. org/matrix.html Kaufman, M. (2002) Men must abandon the notion they are violent by nature. Retrieved Nov. 10, 2006 at: < http://www. michaelkaufman. com/articles/menmust. html> Slife, Brent (March 1996). Taking Sides: Clashing Views on Controversial Psychological Issues. William C. Brown, 9th edition, Tedeschi, J. T. , & Felson, R. B. (1994). Violence, aggression, and coercive actions. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. UNESCO. (1986) The Seville Statement on Violence. Spain. Retrieved Nov. 10, 2006 at: .

The True Monsters Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein - 961 Words

The True Monsters In Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein, Victor Frankenstein creates a monster whose appearance brings ineffable terror and destruction into his life. However, the monster’s appearance and actions are not an accurate representation of the monster and are influenced by many outward factors that ultimately trace back to his creator. The monster’s grotesque outward appearance acts as a mirror as it reflects the true inward qualities of Victor as well as shows the flaws and abnormalities of the relationship between Victor, society, and the monster. Ever since Mary Shelley’s work gained its popularity, society has been distorting and exaggerating the image and horrors of Frankenstein’s monster. Although the monster’s outward appearance is depicted as hideous and deformed in both the novel and the commercial industry, the true horror of the monster is the reflection of his creator, Victor Frankenstein. The monster acts as a mirror into the soul of Victor and showcases his hidden morals and beliefs. Through his creation, Victor tries to quench his thirst of knowledge and power. By delving into the unnatural elements of nature, Victor feverously attempts to obtain a Godlike dominance. This obsession for power and knowledge is seen in the structure and form of the monster itself. The monster’s abnormally large characteristics and measurements shows the even more unnatural cravings that Victor feels. However, once his creation comes to life, Victor becomes petrified byShow MoreRelatedMary Shelleys Frankens tein: A Gothic Novel1595 Words   |  7 Pages Mary Shelly’s Frankenstein is one of the greatest Gothic novels to come out during the Romantic Period. Frankenstein is a prime example of what a Gothic novel should present to its reader through the genre’s twisted themes. Even though it was written in the Romantic period, Mary Shelley still wrote Frankenstein to be a Gothic work of literature. Many characteristics of Gothic novel can be seen within this novel. Mary Shelley’s outstanding novel Frankenstein is a prime example of a Gothic novelRead MoreThe Guilt Of The Death Of Others By Mary Shelley1307 Words   |  6 Pagescharacters in her writings. Mary Shelley’s guilt is significant to the guilt of her characters because they are created by her. Through them she is able to express her own guilt for the death of others. The characters inside Mary Shelley s writings have losses and gains similar to her own. In her writings, Shelley would take a theme th at was evident in her own life and apply them to her writings. â€Å"Mary Shelley, in her second novel [Valperga] as well as in her first [Frankenstein], is interested in takingRead MoreAnalysis Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein 1306 Words   |  6 Pagesusually associated with a monster? Monsters are usually portrayed as green, slimy aliens with big, bulging eyes, extra limbs, scaly backs and rows upon rows of sharp teeth.. However, a monster does not necessarily have to possess hideous physical features in order to be deemed one; a monster can simply be someone who causes death and other forms of tragedy. Mary Shelley has been surrounded by death her entire life and she felt like a monster, such as the one in her novel Frankenstein. She felt responsibleRead MoreThe Concepts of Knowledge and Happiness in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein1011 Words   |  5 Pagesaspires to become greater than his nature will allow (Shelley 60). In Mary Shelley s Frankenstein, she expresses her beliefs r egarding the danger of pursuing happiness through the attainment of knowledge, because true happiness is found in the emotional connections established between people. The pursuit of knowledge is not necessarily an evil thing, but it can cause destruction when it is pursued beyond natural limits. Victor Frankenstein becomes a slave to his passion for learning in more thanRead MoreFrankenstein And Nature’S Love. From Stupendous Glaciers1053 Words   |  5 PagesFrankenstein and Nature’s Love From stupendous glaciers to rolling green hills, there is no denying that Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein captures nature’s most majestic and extraordinary sights. There is also no denying that nature’s enchantment and beauty surrounds Frankenstein’s intense plot. Hence, the sublime alpine ecosystem where Frankenstein takes place has a great impact on the characters of the novel. As she wrote Frankenstein, Mary Shelley also experienced a magnificent and grand environmentRead MoreMary Shelleys Frankenstein Feminism1429 Words   |  6 PagesRobert Youshock Prof. Matthew Gerber HIST 1012 10/19/18 Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein: Feminism before it was mainstream? Writing a paper on the topic of Frankenstein days before Halloween might give you the wrong idea- lets clear something up straight away Frankenstein is the doctor not the monster and the monster doesn’t have a name (which we later learn is mildly important to the story). You see, Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein is arguably a story of creation, murder, love, and learning amongst manyRead MoreThe Consequences Of Technology On Mary Shelley s Frankenstein Essay1703 Words   |  7 PagesThe Consequences of Technology Revealed in Shelley s Frankenstein In Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein, written in the late nineteenth century, the author proposes that knowledge and technology can be dangerous to individuals and all of humanity. Frankenstein was one of the first cautionary tales about scientific research. Shelley s novel offers profound insight of the consequences of morally insensitive scientific and technological research. Learn from me. . . at least by my exampleRead MoreMary Shelley: Her life influence in Frankenstein. Mary Shelleys life hardships show up subtley throughout her novel Frankenstein.1243 Words   |  5 PagesMary Wollstonecraft Shelley endured many hardships during her life. Some of these included her mother dieing during childbirth, her loathing stepmother, and later in life, the death of her beloved husband. Although she maintained a strong relationship with her father, it did not cover-up the absence of a strong maternal figure. Mary Shelley s novel Frankenstein, was influenced by the pain she encountered in her life. Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin was born on August 30, 1797 to the couple of Mary WollstonecraftRead MoreA Fit Of Enthusiastic Madness : An Essay Of Insanity1427 Words   |  6 PagesInsanity in Frankenstein Frankenstein or The Modern Prometheus is chiefly considered to be a horror novel. The books author, Mary Shelley, masterfully weaves a story that has petrified audiences for centuries with its grotesque nature and disturbing events. However it is clear that both the characterization of Victor Frankenstein and his fallen angel, the Monster, portray an additional frightening aspect of the story; their mutual descent into hysteric madness.With a deft hand, Mary Shelley successfullyRead MoreForbidden Or Unethical? Mary Shelley s Frankenstein1553 Words   |  7 PagesUnethical? Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein may be a warning and caution to some that delving into forbidden subjects could potentially be catastrophic. Victor Frankenstein created a horrible creation and explored the unknown where no man should go and it affected his life until the end. Exploring a subject that presents itself as unethical just as Victor did, ends with dissatisfaction, obsession, and a feeling of regret that lingers forever. The novel Frankenstein by Mary Shelley that will always

Impact Of Globalization On The Global Economy - 1803 Words

Globalisation is the process of the globe interconnecting through integration of communication, trade, investments and production in the global market. The development of Technology through the industrial revolution, is one the most significant factors behind globalisation. Globalisations removes the limits to business, the trade of goods and services worldwide. This allows business cooperation’s to expand in foreign markets. Global trade is a powerful force that has been made possible through the process of globalisation, and has opened up the gates to the global economy. There are many advantages and disadvantages to the ‘good’ force of globalisation. It has developed the economy to a global scale and given nations the opportunity to†¦show more content†¦This is incredibly bad for the environment and some natural resources are diminishing to the point of extinction. To add to this International laws are not enforced so cooperation’s can get away with polluting the environment in less developed countries, which they would not be able to do in more developed countries. As a result cooperation’s get away with allowing bad working conditions, health risks and low wages for workers in LEDC’s, therefore polices such as the human rights act that are meant to protect the workers are ignored. This is because countries such as China, India and Brazil have a lack of employment law meaning labour costs are much lower. To add to this there is also a lower standard of living in LEDC’s compared to MEDC’s; in India people live on less than 1p a day. Plus the atrocious use of child labour for example in coca plantations in Ghana. Labour Industries in manufacturing and clothing, therefore benefit from the cheap labour costs in less developed countries because of their weak rules. But this is what drives the free market global economy; the exploitation and lack of laws in developing countries. The force of globalisation has created an amoral and powerful global economy that exploits the world’s natural resources ‘The industrial destruction of nature’ (Baylis, Smith, Owens 2014: 345). This later established non-governmental organisationsShow MoreRelatedImpact Of Globalization On The Global Economy1355 Words   |  6 PagesGlobalization is interpreted in a variety of different ways. One way is that it introduces opportunities which further develops regions to progress and prosper in the global economy. In many cases globalization means the shift toward a more integrated and interdependent world economy. The world is moving away from self-contained national economies and toward an interdepende nt, integrated global economy. There is an insurmountable amount of ways to impact globalization but some include trade, peopleRead MoreImpact Of Globalization On The Global Economy1452 Words   |  6 PagesMany goods and services have increased, because of worldwide trading throughout the past years. Australia is linked into the global economy due to exchanges being made between nations and technology being better than ever, as it is quicker, faster and easier to communicate with potential customers. These are just some of the reasons why Australia is linked in to the global economy. Globalisation over the past 30 years Globalisation has changed over the past 30 years due to changes made between technologyRead MoreGlobalization And Its Impact On The Global Economy1107 Words   |  5 Pagesglobalisation indicates that the world development may be more sustainable. †¢ Political relations and the global environmental have become successfully intertwined, an increase in the global economic incorporation (Martens and Raza, 2016). Globalisation has resulted in: †¢ increased international trade †¢ a company operating in more than one country †¢ greater dependence on the global economy †¢ freer movement of capital, goods, and services †¢ recognition of companies such as McDonalds and StarbucksRead MoreImpact Of Globalization On The Global Economy2029 Words   |  9 PagesOver the last number of years, it could be said that the growth in the global economy has increased a vast amount and is rapidly continuing in this direction. 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Internal and external forces in the environment have driven HRM from a maintenance and record-keeping function to a source of sustained competitive advantage for organizations competingRead MoreGlobalization : A World Wide Movement Essay1267 Words   |  6 PagesGlobalization is a phenomenon, a world wide movement where nations and communities come together and form a network. Throughout the course we explored the integration and interdependence of various nations, which ultimately shapes world affairs on a global level.Evidently, growth of the developing countries is the main cause of globalization and it brings both opportunities and disadvantages to them. There are numerous ways in which globalization has impacted the world today.The course also createdRead MoreAdvantages and Disadvantages of Global Integration1476 Words   |  6 PagesGLOBAL INTEGRATION: ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES Globalization is the process by which different societies, cultures, and regional economies integrate through a worldwide network of political ideas through transportation, communication, and trade. Generally, globalization has affected many nations in various ways; economically, politically, and socially. It is a term that refers to the fast integration and interdependence of various nations, which shapes the world affairs on a global level. GlobalizationRead MoreAdvantages and Disadvantages of Globalization on South Africa767 Words   |  4 PagesGlobalization is the shrinking of the world and the increased consciousness of the world as a whole. It is a term used to describe the changes in societies and the world economy that is a result of dramatically increased cross-border trade, investment, and cultural exchange. Globalization has been dominated by the nation-state, national economies, and national cultural identities. The new form of globalization is an interconnected world a nd global mass culture, often referred to as a global villageRead MoreGlobalization and Its Impact on International Business Essay1558 Words   |  7 Pages............3 What is Globalization....................................................4 The engines for Globalizations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 Globalization’s impacts on international business†¦..7 The road ahead for international business†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦9 Summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..11 Reference†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦12 Introduction Every day we hear it on the news, read it in the papers, overhear people talking about it†¦ and in every single instance the word globalization seems to have a differentRead MoreGlobalization And Globalization1050 Words   |  5 PagesPAPER Topic Choice 18: â€Å"On balance, globalization expands rather than contracts opportunities for economic prosperity around the world.† Why do you agree or disagree with this statement? Please support your answer with appropriate examples. Globalization has impacted almost every part of the modern world; it can be characterized by economic, political, and cultural integration. Economic globalization refers to the increasing interdependence of world economies as a result of the growing scale of

Neoclassicism Vs. Modernism Essay - 1174 Words

Igor Stravinsky makes for a first-class example of differences and similarities between neoclassicism and modernism. Modernism is defined as â€Å"A term used in music to denote a multi-faceted but distinct and continuous tradition within 20th-century composition†1, while neoclassicism may be defined as â€Å"A movement of style in the works of certain 20th-century composers, who, particularly during the period between the two world wars, revived the balanced forms and clearly perceptible thematic processes of earlier styles to replace what were, to them, the increasingly exaggerated gestures and formlessness of late Romanticism†2 By not only comparing his works to others but within his own body of work the two movements can be better†¦show more content†¦In addition to asymmetrical rhythms the use of polytonality is vibrant throughout the piece especially in the introduction which begins with different clarinets playing polytonal. Stravinsky structured The Ri te very differently, melody was not the only dominant feature of the piece, other features such as the fore mentioned polytonality and asymmetrical rhythms were also at the dominant features of the piece. By breaking from many common practices of his own and of the time, Stravinsky created a piece slated in modernisms history. While The Rite was a piece of modernist material, Stravinsky later moved on to neoclassicism, Pulcinella greatly represents a small portion of Stravinskys neoclassical repertoire. Like Stravinsky his contemporary in another art form was Pablo Picasso, interestingly enough he played a huge part in the design of the visuals in Pulcinella. Both emphasize or accentuate certain features within their works. Where Stravinsky may accentuate his neoclassical works with features from his predecessors, Picasso accentuates his art with his perceptions, such as his Stravinsky portrait that casts Stravinsky with a very large body, a small head but a rather large nose. Both emphasized certain themes within their works of art. Pulcinella, is also often compared to Schoenberg’s Pierrot lunaire, an earlier piece set to seven poems and performed in sprechstimme. While Pulcinella was a ballet performed in aShow MoreRelatedBrief Survey of American Literature3339 Words   |  14 PagesRevolution(1789—1799) Romantic vs. Neoclassic (1) Neoclassicism: - reason, order, elegant wit - rationalism of enlightenment in 18th-cent. Romanticism: - passion, emotion, natural beauty - imagination, mysticism, liberalism (freedom to express personal feelings) Romantic vs. Neoclassic (2) Innovation: - subjects: common life; the supernatural; the far away and the long ago - style: common language really used by men; poetic symbolism Romantic vs. Neoclassic(3) Good poetryRead MoreEssay about Summary of History of Graphic Design by Meggs14945 Words   |  60 Pagessystem to structure space in his graphic designs. o The first industrial designer. o His work for AEG considered first comprehensive visual identification program. à  Ã¯Æ'   - His AEG designs represent a synthesis of two contradictory concepts: neoclassicism and sachilchkeit. - Made use of three elements: a logo, a typeface, and a constant layout of elements following standardized formats. o Believed that typography provided the most characteristic picture of a period. o Pushed 20th century

Healthcare Difference Between Us and India Free Essays

Health Care in the United States is described as the â€Å"cottage industry† it has been fragmented at the national, state, community and practice levels. There is not one single entity or set of policies guiding the health care system; Furthermore, this fragile primary care system is on the verge of collapse according to the Commonwealth Fund Commission. (A. We will write a custom essay sample on Healthcare Difference Between Us and India or any similar topic only for you Order Now Shih, 2008) The fragmentation of our delivery system is a fundamental contributor to the poor overall performance of the U. S. health care system. In our fragmented system: * patients and families navigate unassisted across different providers and care settings, fostering frustrating and dangerous patient experiences; * poor communication and lack of clear accountability for a patient among multiple providers lead to medical errors, waste, and duplication; * the absence of peer accountability, quality improvement infrastructure, and clinical information systems foster poor overall quality of care; and * high-cost, intensive medical intervention is rewarded over higher-value primary care, including preventive medicine and the management of chronic illness. No single policy will fix the fragmentation of our health care system. Rather, a comprehensive approach is required—one that might lead progressively to greater organization and better performance. The following strategies were recommended: (A. Shih, 2008) * Payment reform. Provider payment reform offers the opportunity to stimulate greater organization as well as higher performance. The predominant fee-for-service payment system fuels the fragmentation of our delivery system. We recommend that payers move away from fee-for-service toward bundled payment systems that reward coordinated, high-value care. In addition, we recommend expanding pay-for-performance programs to reward high-quality, patient-centered care. The more organization in delivery systems, the more feasible these payment reforms become (Exhibit ES-1). These payment reforms also could spur organization, since they reward optimal care over the continuum of services. Specifically, we believe that: Patient incentives. Patients should be given incentives to choose to receive care from high-quality, high-value delivery systems. This requires performance measurement systems that adequately distinguish among delivery systems. * Regulatory changes. The regulatory environment should be modified to facilitate clinical integration among providers. * Accreditation. There should be accreditation programs that focus on the six attributes of an ideal delivery system we have identified. Payers and consumers should be encouraged to base decisions on payment and provider networks on such information, in tandem with performance measurement data. * Provider training. Current training programs for physicians and other health professionals do not adequately prepare providers to practice in an organized delivery system or team-based environment. Provider training programs should be required to teach systems-based skills and competencies, including population health, and be encouraged to include clinical training in organized delivery systems. Government infrastructure support. We recognize that in certain regions or for specific populations, formal organized delivery systems may not develop on their own. In such instances, we propose that the government play a greater role in facilitating or establishing the infrastructure for an organized delivery system, for example through assistance in establishing care coordination networks, care management services, after-hours coverage, health information technology, and performance improvement activities. Health information technology. Health information technology provides critical infrastructure for an organized delivery system. Providers should be required to implement and utilize certified electronic health records that meet functionality, interoperability, and security standards, and to participate in health information exchange across providers and care settings within five years These do not necessarily mean it will fix the health care system as we know it, but could generate, a better understand on what is expected of the United States as a whole, when the Medicare and Medicaid system is done away with, those born in the late 60’s to 2000’s will probably not benefit from the Medicare or Social Security system, when they reach the age of 65, Why you might ask, because the way the economy is going these systems will be obsolete in the future, while the Government is trying to build a better ntity, they will probably in fact, not accomplish this, it is my understanding that they will be doing away with the Medicaid program by the year 2012, this will be a great burden to those who are currently on this, If the Government could make it easier for those who can’t afford insurance to acquire commercial insurance at a lesser cost, then the majority would be get these types of insurances, (ex Cigna, Humana, Aetna, BCBS, United Healthcare) I work in the medical field, I see daily the abuse some of these patients are taking from the Government in regards to their medical care, one month they have the insurance, the next they are on what is called â€Å"Share of Cost†,(SOC) this is just like an HMO or PPO, you have a deductable to reach every month, the only problems is, these patients do not have any money to pay, so they have to go to the local Hospital, to get their SOC covered, the patient see’s is as a convenience while the Hospitals sees it as a nuisance. Our fragmented health care delivery system delivers poor-quality, high-cost care. We cannot achieve a higher-performing health system without reorganization at the practice, community, state, and national levels. This report focuses on the community level, for which we have identified six attributes of an ideal delivery system. Our vision of health care delivery is not out of reach; some delivery systems have achieved these attributes, and they have done so in a variety of ways. We can no longer afford, nor should we tolerate, the outcomes of our fragmented health care system. We need to move away from a cottage industry in which providers have no relationship with, or accountability to, one another. Though we acknowledge that creating a more organized delivery system will be difficult, the recommendations put forth in this report offer a concrete approach to stimulate greater organization for higher performance. (A. Shih, 2008) In India, Primary Health Centers (PHCs) are the cornerstone of rural healthcare; a first port of call for the sick and an effective referral system; in addition to being the main focus of social and economic development of the community. It forms the first level of contact and a link between individuals and the national health system; bringing healthcare delivery as close as possible to where people live and work. (Patel, 2005) Primary healthcare services substantially affects the general health of a population, however many factors undermine the quality and efficiency of primary healthcare services in developing countries. In India, although there are many reasons for poor PHC performance, almost all of them stem from weak stewardship of the sector, which produces a poor incentive framework. The World Health Organization (WHO) specifically points out that to some extent, the deterioration in health status is attributed to inadequacies in PHC implementation, neglecting the wider factors that have been responsible for this deterioration such as lack of political commitment, inadequate allocation of financial resources to PHCs and stagnation of inter-sectoral strategies and community participation. The main ones being bureaucratic approach to healthcare provision, lack of accountability and responsiveness to the general public and incongruence between available funding and commitments. The current PHC structure is extremely rigid, making it unable to respond effectively to local realities and needs. For instance, the number of ANMs per PHC is the same throughout the country despite the fact that some states have twice the fertility level of others. Moreover, political interference in the location of health facilities often results in an irrational distribution of PHCs and sub-centers. Government health departments are focused on implementing government norms, paying salaries, ensuring the minimum facilities are available rather than measuring health system performance or health outcomes. Further, the public health system is managed and overseen by District Health Officers. Although they are qualified doctors, they have barely any training in public health management; strengthening the capacity for public health management at the district and taluk level is crucial to improving public sector performance. Patel, 2005) Primary, secondary, generalist and specialist care, all have important and inclusive roles in the healthcare system and should be used to create a comprehensive and integrated model; one that combines universalism and economic realism with the objective of providing coverage for all. (Patel, 2005)| | The majority of these countries are trying to make it better for all to achieve the best health care entity possible; we are trying to make sure that everyone is covered by insurance. REFERENCES A. Shih, K. Davis, S. Schoenbaum, A. Gauthier, R. Nuzum, and D. McCarthy, Organizing the U. S. Health Care Delivery System for High Performance, The Commonwealth Fund, August 2008 (A. Shih, 2008) Express Healthcare Mgmt. Business Publications Division, Indian Express Newspapers (Bombay) Ltd. , Express Towers, 1st floor, Nariman Point, Mumbai 400 021 (Patel, 2005) How to cite Healthcare Difference Between Us and India, Papers

Financial Accounting and Reporting Assignment †Get Complete Solution

Question: Discuss about the Financial Accounting and Reporting Assignment. Answer: Introduction This study deals with identifying on the Australian-listed company that have gone into liquidation as it failed in meeting the liabilities whey it was due. For this particular assignment, One Tel Phone Company has been selected for study purpose. This is case regarding the collapse of One Tel Phone Company in the year 2001 (Cpaaustralia.com.au 2016). One Tel Phone Company was positioned as forth number as largest telecommunications company in and around Australia. This particular company has more than 2 million customers as well as business operated in more than 8 countries. One Tel Phone Company collapse comes as shocking news to the business world of Australia. One of the major collapses was for the company HIH Insurance for the year 2001 in Australia. It is difficult to find any academic research on One Tel Phone Company Collapse news. It requires using of evidence on One Tel Phone Company from the paper demonstrating the weakness of government practices in relation with internal control system (Cpaaustralia.com.au 2016). It further requires attention on audit superiority, organization announcement with Board as well as organization inspection and decision-making pay-to-performance links in aligning with corporate collapse. Research has been conducted mainly on the developing as well as testing of bankruptcy prediction models. On the contrary, bulk of corporate governance differs largely on attributes like firm performance, executive compensation as well as corporate structure and firm value. This study explains brief history of One Tel Phone Company and its major activities in terms of business models (Weil, Schipper and Francis 2013). Brief History of One Tel Phone Company and its activities that leads to liquidation One Tel Phone Company was launched in the year 1995. It was under the agreement with Optus and it was considered as succeeding main telecommunications in and around Australia. One Tel Phone Company conventional SIM cards as well as client call facts and system services from Optus. One Tel Phone Company aims at paying Optus for the call charge as well as review right to use fee from the major subscribers (Warren, Reeve and Duchac 2013). Therefore, it has been notice that One Tel Phone Company gross profit was in excess with the billed amount from its customers for the amount paid to Optus. One Tel Phone Company intended in attracting the customers by rendering cheap mobile call rates as well as extended space and worldwide call services to the potential customers. One Tel Phone Company grew at faster pace in the early years of operation. On analysis, it has been noticed that customer base increases from 1000 to 100000 within 1 year of time from 1996 to 1997. As far as sales revenue is concerned, One Tel Phone Company has $148 million AUD for the year 1996 to 1997 (Sharma and Panigrahi 2013). It had in commission profit after tax of around $3.7 million AUD. A dispute present is developed between Optus as well as One Tel Phone Company for the year 1996. There are two major issues listed below: Optus was openly competing with One Tel Phone Company especially for subscribers Whether One Tel Phone Company clientele for entitled to Optus reduced priced offers In the year 1997, One Tel Phone Company signed an agreement with Global One. This enabled One Tel Phone Company in providing discounted national as well as international calls to its potential customers in carrying out Global One network. In the same year, One Tel Phone Company was listed in ASX (Australian Stock Exchange) at an issue price of $2 AUD. At the end of 1997, One Tel Phone Company had more than 200000 customers as well as 400 dealers in and across Australia (Samkin and Deegan 2012). In the year 1998, One Tel Phone Company launched Global Strategy in expanding into Europe as well as United States. One Tel Phone Company opened offices in London, Paris as well as Hong Kong and Los Angeles (Richard and David 2016). One Tel Phone Company acquires 2.5 MHz of spectrum especially in Melbourne and Sydney. One Tel Phone Company share price increased with $9.8 AUD for the year 1999. In the year 2001, One Tel Phone Company revealed that it lost more than $ 132 million AUD for running out cash. Cash reserves fell with $35 million AUD and dropped cash balance for the given year taken into consideration (Reimers 2014). One Tel Phone Company share prices continued in sliding downward because of recording last trading day. Creditors of One Tel Phone Company voted for winding up its business operations. Liquidity Ratios of One Tel Phone Company Liquidity is a particular measure of the capability of the debtor to make imbursements for debt at the time when the amounts become due. There are key financial ratios such as the current ratio as well as quick ratio that can analyze the liquidity position of the firm, thereby evaluate the capability of the corporation to repay the short-term requirements of the corporation (Pratt 2013). In the present case, we can analyze the financial position of the One Tel Company from certain significant ratio. Current Ratio The current ratio that indicates towards the ability of the company One Tel is enumerated by dividing the current assets by the current liabilities. Again, the current ratio of One Tel during the year 2000 is enumerated to be (628.1/375.2=1.67). The current ratio during the year 1999 was recorded to be (296.2/84.9=3.48). The fall in the current ratio indicates decrease in the assets of the corporation that is required to meet the definite debt obligations of the corporation (Otley. and Emmanuel 2013). Quick Ratio The quick ratio also helps in analysis of the financial position of the firm by proper evaluation of the quick assets of the firm that is essential to meet the liabilities of the corporation. The quick ratio for One Tel, obtained by dividing the quick assets by the current liabilities is enumerated to be (335.7/ 375.2=0.89) in 2000 that increased to (172.6/84.9=2.03). The decline in the quick ratio replicates the fact that the company has inadequate quick assets to meet the current liabilities (Horngren et al. 2013). Financial Stability Ratios of One Tel Phone Company Net Profit The evaluation of the net profit ratio of One Tel can help in ascertaining the association between the net profit of the company and the net sales. The net profit ratio of One tel enumerated by means of dividing net profit after tax by the sales is recorded to be (291.1)/(230.4)=1.2 during 2000 and (25.2/7=3.6) during 1999. The net profit ratio declined during 2000 that reflects the undesirable financial position of the firm and loss of potential of the firm to convert sales to profit (Horngren et al. 2012). Return on Employed Capital (ROCE) The return on investment of the corporation One Tel can reflect the efficiency of different investments of the firm that can lead to greater value of the shareholders. The return on employed capital enumerated by dividing the operating profit by the capital employment is registered to be (259.9)/1060.3=0.24 during 2000 and (9.9/441.1=0.02) in 1999. The return on capital employed decreased from 0.24 to 0.02 that reflects reduction of the financial condition (Hoggett et al. 2014). Debt to equity Ratio The debt to equity ratio for the corporation One Tel reflects the proportion of the liability of the business to the overall equity of the shareholders. The debt to equity ratio for One Tel is calculated to be 92.2/944.8=0.09 in 2000 and 7.2/363.3=0.01. The increase in the debt to equity ratio reflects undesirable condition as the debt has decreased relatively in comparison to the equity. The increase in the proportion of the debt replicates unfavorable condition for the One Tel as it indicates the increase in the debt obligations of the firm (Henderson et al. 2015). The increase in the debt also reveals the risk that the company faces due to the increase in debt of the firm. Summary of the findings The analysis of the financial statements of the One Tel reveals the fact that there is decrease in the current ratio of the firm during the period 2000 as compared to the year ago period. Therefore, the decline in the current ratio reflects the unfavorable liquidity position of the firm (Gassen 2014). However, the decline in the quick ratio also reflects the fact that the company has inadequate quick assets to meet the current liabilities. Again, the net profit ratio also declined during 2000 that reveals the detrimental financial position of the firm and loss of capability of the firm to convert sales to profit. The decrease in the net profit ratio in turn also replicates the fact that the profitability position of the company has also declined. The business operations of the corporation One Tel lacks the efficiency to acquire profit out of the total sales generated by the firm. In addition to this, the return on employed capital of One Tel also declined revealing the fact that the company is ineffectively utilizing the capital of the corporation for the purpose of long-term financial policies. On the other hand, the debt to equity ratio of the firm has increased disclosing the fact that the debt obligations has increased during the mentioned period (Edwards 2013). Therefore, the decreased current ratio and the quick ratio reveal dismal financial condition of the firm. Again, the decrease in the net profit ratio, return on employed capital indicates the unstable financial condition of the corporation. In addition to this, the opinion regarding dismal financial health of the One Tel Corporation can be substantiated by the bad results of the debt equity ratio where the debt fraction of the firm in the overall funds for operation has considerably increased (Deegan 2013). Indication of financial distress in the management discussion from the annual report of One Tel Phone Company From the annual report of One Tel Phone Company, it has been noticed that management discussion and analysis emphasize upon earnings before interest, taxes as well as depreciation and amortization as report below GAAP (Deegan 2012). It requires focus on EBIDTA on creating illusion on notice expenses, amortization as well as depreciation and accounting expenses. From the annual report (1998), it contains graphs comparing it with EBITDA arrives at $3.9 million AUD. EBITDA is used by the companies reporting lower than its predictable earnings. Start-up companies operate at a failure under the Non-GAAP performances metrics. On critical analysis, it has been noticed that audit quality for One Tel Phone Company was low. Deegan and Ward (2013) suggest that audit quality in the paper defined upon two dimensions. These involve: Auditor propensity relates with issues considers as going-concern opinion Level of abnormal accruals in responsive with earnings act as an indication of earnings management Non-compliance with accounting as well as auditing standards for issue of unqualified audit opinion in response with low-quality audit One Tel Phone Company was audit with the similar audit firm for issue of unqualified audit opinions for the given years. On the contrary, submission of financial statements for the year 1998 to 1999 in ASIC in deferred $ 48 million AUD (Christensen, Baker and Cottrell 2014). One Tel Phone Company financial report identifies main 48 items for concern. One Tel Phone Company had worsening operating cash deficits with more than $4800 million AUD from the year 1998 to 1999 (Cpaaustralia.com.au 2016). One Tel Phone Company faces issues with customer billing as well as cash collection problems. Further evidence noticed for One Tel Phone Company in case of employing large positive accruals as well as non-conservative accounting policies for minimizing losses. Therefore, BDNP never joined hands in issuing going-concern opinion. It requires further evidence regarding One Tel Phone Company in purchase of non-audit services especially from the external auditors. Non-audit fees consist as a propo rtion of total fees paid to the auditor arriving at 41% for the year 1996 to 1997. It mainly engages in NAS with potential client for useful insights for evaluation purpose for internal control of client for audit planning process. Audit planning of One Tel Phone Company requires further improvement in relation with NAS (Bevis 2013). On critical analysis, evidence suggests One Tel Phone Company reported earnings involve basic income procedure (Cpaaustralia.com.au 2016). Financial treatment quality involves low earning excellence. Audit quality of One Tel Phone Company considers as low in respect with financial reporting quality. Low monetary coverage excellence as well as low review quality conceals with One Tel Phone Company in terms of real financial performance. One Tel Phone Company faces financial distress from the Board as well as shareholders. It mainly turns into blocking opportunity remedial measures actions for avoiding corporate collapse (Beatty and Liao 2014). Usefulness of annual report for identifying potential sources of concern regarding corporate survival From the annual report of One Tel Phone Company, it has been noticed that non-executive directors qualifies as independent auditors under the Australian Stock Exchange (Cpaaustralia.com.au 2016). Evidence provides that lack of diversity of opinions briefs regarding the board meetings as well as remained instrumental for One Tel Phone Company. One Tel Phone Company involved in various dispute with the supplier named as Optus and Telstra. This company paid for the acquisition of telecommunication licenses for positioning itself in the global marketplace. One Tel Phone Company management lacks diversity of opinions from the Board. Management failed in making full disclosures to the Board regarding viewing at the performance as well as solvency of the firm (Bazley et al. 2013). One Tel Phone Company troubles with the essential cash balances, earnings as well as creditors and debtors (Samkin and Deegan 2012). This is in case of running connections to the Board for being highlighted only in EBITDA as well as gross margin rather net profit. Board was precise in giving gaining creditors as well as aging debtor troubles. Reported cash balances presented in the omitted unpresented cheques. Firms had dominant CEO that worsens with the turbulent environment. There was poor monitoring of the management by the Board for survival in gaining blocking opportunities in case of leadership renewal. CEO dominance as well as major shareholders for gaining information for highlighting true picture of business firm One Tel Phone Company collapse leaves several lessons gathered from corporate strategies. It failed in acquisition of customers on large-scale for contributing over firm profitability. Secondly, there was high competitive pricing in gaining market share for possessing disastrous consequences. Thirdly, it is not enough in generating sales revenues in cash collection on timely manner. This particular question provides some insights into the association with the corporate collapse as well as corporate governance at the same time (Cpaaustralia.com.au 2016). Weaker Corporate Governance for collapsing for demand of good governance especially for poor firm performance Good corporate governance plays important role for safety net in relation with corporate collapse. Auditor involvement for understanding the non-audit services in response with audit quality. Board chair discuss for the board meetings for controlling over Board agenda for monitoring management behavior for future analysis purpose (Samkin and Deegan 2012). Conclusion From the above study, it is concluded that collapse of One Tel Phone Company was considered as one of the major news for the year 2001. One Tel Phone Company was the fourth largest telecommunication company in and around Australia at the time of collapse for the year 2001. Determination of profits charges by the customers as paid to Optus. This particular company hoped in providing cheap mobile calling rates as well as selling profitable long distance international calls. One Tel Phone Company grows rapidly in terms of customers as well as sales revenue. One Tel Phone Company collapse is one of the classic cases of failed expectations, wrong pricing policies as well as strategic mistakes and unbridled growth. It involves likelihood shows the collapse of One Tel Phone Company in case of corporate trajectory. Addition to that, it has been noticed that corporate collapse takes plans from corporate deteriorations from several errors from Senior Management. One Tel Phone Company made seve ral strategic errors in conducting the business operations in certain way. One Tel Phone Company has wrong pricing policy. Therefore, One Tel Phone Company was stuck with the aggressive as well as costly customer acquisition campaigns on an adverse manner. These potential customers failed in contributing to revenues as well as cash flows operations whereby company needed to survive on the near future. It further undertaken very aggressive strategy for expansion into new markets without any kind of consolidation of position from the existing markets. Reference List Bazley, M., Hancock, P., Fisher, C., Lovell, A., Berk, J., DeMarzo, P., Berk, J. and DeMarzo, P., 2013.Financial Accounting: An Integrated. Thomson Pty Ltd, South Melbourne. Beatty, A. and Liao, S., 2014. 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McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Sharma, A. and Panigrahi, P.K., 2013. A review of financial accounting fraud detection based on data mining techniques.arXiv preprint arXiv:1309.3944. Warren, C.S., Reeve, J.M. and Duchac, J., 2013.Financial managerial accounting. Cengage Learning. Weil, R.L., Schipper, K. and Francis, J., 2013. Financial accounting: an introduction to concepts, methods and uses. Cengage Learning.